Newborn Vaccinations: Complete Guide for Parents

Doctors highly recommend immunisation as one of the best techniques to prevent babies from getting infected with serious diseases. The immunity of a newborn is not fully developed; hence, it cannot combat many illnesses by itself. Vaccines work by equipping the body with the ability to identify and destroy invading pathogens without causing the disease. Immunisation strengthens the child's resistance to illnesses, which ultimately lessens the severity of symptoms if the child contracts an infection. Additionally, vaccinated children are less likely to suffer from severe complications compared to those who are unvaccinated.

Timely immunisation ensures that babies remain protected from life-threatening diseases such as measles, polio, diphtheria, and hepatitis B. Vaccinations for newborns also help safeguard the entire community. When a majority of people are vaccinated, it results in collective immunity (herd immunity), reducing the spread of infections and protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines for medical reasons. Therefore, parents must ensure that their children receive all necessary vaccines, helping them face future diseases while contributing to better public health.

1. BCG Vaccine

   The BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is administered to newborns to protect against tuberculosis (TB) – a serious bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also damage other organs. It is given within the first few days after birth, usually before the baby is discharged from the hospital.

2. Hepatitis B Vaccine

   The Hepatitis B vaccine protects against a viral infection of the liver. It is first given at birth, followed by additional doses within the first year. Babies infected at birth are more likely to develop chronic and long-term liver infections, making timely vaccination crucial.

3. Polio Vaccine (Oral/Injectable)

   Polio is a disabling disease that can cause permanent paralysis. Vaccination is the only proven way to prevent it. Infants receive either oral polio drops or an injectable polio vaccine (IPV) as per the national immunisation schedule. Multiple doses starting at birth provide long-lasting immunity.

4. DTP Vaccine (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis)

   This combined vaccine protects against three dangerous childhood diseases:

   • Diphtheria: Causes throat infection leading to breathing difficulties.
   • Tetanus: Leads to severe muscle stiffness and painful spasms.
   • Pertussis (Whooping Cough): A highly contagious infection causing intense coughing in infants.

   It is given as a series of doses starting at 6 weeks of age to ensure strong protection in early childhood.

5. Rotavirus Vaccine

   Rotavirus is a major cause of severe diarrhoea and dehydration in infants. The rotavirus vaccine is given orally in multiple doses during the first 6 months of life to prevent life-threatening complications.

6. Other Recommended Vaccinations

   Along with essential vaccines, the following are also advised for complete immunity:

   • Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b): Protects against meningitis and pneumonia.
   • Pneumococcal Vaccine: Prevents pneumonia and ear infections.
   • Influenza Vaccine: Gives seasonal protection against the flu.
   • MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella): Typically given at 9–12 months of age.

   Vaccinating on time is the most reliable shield against childhood infections, supporting healthy growth and stronger immunity.

The immunisation program is very effective in building the required baby’s immunity at the right time. It protects them at the time when they are most susceptible to infections during the critical first few months. Each vaccine is meticulously planned to offer the greatest possible protection, and in most cases, long-lasting effectiveness is ensured by multiple doses. Not getting vaccines or postponing them can make the baby vulnerable to harmful infections, so parents are advised to remain committed to their appointments.

Typical vaccination timeline (as recommended by WHO and national health guidelines):

• At Birth: Usually, BCG (for tuberculosis), Hepatitis B first dose, and Polio first dose are given to the baby to protect him/her immediately.
• 6 Weeks: The first round of DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis), Polio, Rotavirus, Hib, and Pneumococcal vaccines makes the baby partially protected against several diseases.
• 10 Weeks: Second injections of DTP, Polio, Rotavirus, and Hib are given to confirm the immune response.
• 14 Weeks: Third rounds of DTP, Polio, Hib, and Pneumococcal vaccines are given to ensure further immunity against these diseases.
• 9 Months: Measles or MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine is normally administered to protect against highly contagious viral infections.

Parents should make sure the immunisation card is up to date, and if they have missed an appointment, they should seek the doctor’s advice for catch-up doses. By strictly following this timetable, it is possible to mitigate the likelihood of outbreaks; therefore, every child is ensured to get a strong and healthy start in life.

Vaccinations provide vital protection to infants from life-threatening infections. Vaccines work well and are safe, but a vaccine can cause some short-term side symptoms, just like any other medicine. Most are very minor and end very quickly, but parents should be aware of the symptoms and know when to take their child to the doctor.

• Common Mild Effects: It is normal for babies to experience mild reactions after a vaccination. Fever, irritability, and sleepiness may be among the symptoms. Some babies may also show redness, slight swelling, or soreness at the injection site. Usually, these symptoms appear within a day and subside on their own within a few days.
• Rare Serious Reactions: Severe side effects are extremely rare but possible. These may include allergic reactions, high fever, seizures, or continuous crying lasting more than 3 hours. In such cases, immediate medical attention is required.
• When Parents Should Be Concerned: Parents should consult a doctor if the baby has a high fever, severe swelling or increased pain at the injection site, difficulty breathing, weakness, or appears unusually unresponsive. Quick medical care ensures safety while maintaining the benefits of vaccination.

Vaccination day can sometimes feel stressful for parents, especially with newborns. If parents prepare in advance and are aware of what to expect, they will be more relaxed and navigate the process much more easily.

Before Vaccination

• Keep your baby comfortable: Ensure your baby is well-fed and well-rested. A calm and settled infant is usually more cooperative during the procedure.

• Dress in easy-to-remove clothing: Loose clothing helps the healthcare provider access the injection area without needing to undress the baby fully.

• Carry the vaccination card: Bring the immunisation record to keep every dose accurately documented.

• Discuss health concerns with the doctor: Inform the healthcare provider if your baby shows any signs of illness before vaccination.

During Vaccination

• Provide reassurance: Hold or gently comfort your baby to reduce anxiety during the injection.

• Stay calm yourself: Babies sense parents' stress. Your calm behaviour helps them feel more secure.

After Vaccination

• Monitor for side effects: Mild fever, fussiness or slight swelling at the injection site is common for a few days.

• Offer extra fluids and comfort: Breastfeeding, cuddling or holding your baby close can soothe discomfort.

• Seek medical advice if needed: Contact a doctor if symptoms persist, worsen or if your baby has difficulty breathing or a very high fever.

Immunisations are the first line of defence against illnesses that might risk the lives of newborns and ensure a healthy growing process. Additionally, by correctly following the suggested timetable, the parents may help their child avoid infections for the rest of their lives. Besides, vaccination plays an important role in community health, as it keeps the risk of outbreaks low. At MatCare, newborn families are advised to follow a schedule of vaccinations as a part of health care for the mother and the child.